US Households: Unhappy Speculators

The economist Hyman Minsky divided financing techniques into three categories: Ponzi finance - where principal and interest on debt cannot be paid out of earnings but only ever more borrowing; Speculative finance - where interest on debt can be paid out of earnings but principal must be rolled over; and Hedge finance where both principal and interest on debt can be paid out of earnings.

From 1952 to 2007 the ratio of debt to income for US households rose from about .35 (hedge financing) to about 1.3 (speculative financing). Even two years into the Depression, the ratio has only declined a bit.

In times of economic contraction - especially when a major asset bubble bursts (i.e., housing), speculative financing units run into two significant problems. Routine debt service becomes more burdensome, and more critically, the ability to refinance becomes often impossibly difficult.

Consider the case of otherwise solvent households with exotic interest-only mortgages with impending punitive resets. The reset payments are unsupportable, and yet there is typically no way to roll the mortgage into a conventional mortgage as the value of the collateral is typically less than the mortgage balance. The underwater position also almost always prevents a sale to terminate the mortgage since that will require bringing too much money to the table.

Barring a sudden and extremely improbable surge in house values, these households will be ruined by the trap. Even many households with fixed rate mortgages will find those unsupportable in the face of income loss, and have no non-bankrupting exit strategy due to their underwater position. Another trap is facing households with sudden rate hikes on large credit card balances.

The distribution of the pain of the speculative unwind will not fall evenly on US households. A substantial number - perhaps 1/4 - have little to no debt and at least adequate resources. Another substantial number - also perhaps 1/4 - have no debt because of too-low income and too-few resources.

This puts the burden of the pain squarely on the roughly 1/2 who have substantial debts. We suspect that most of these households' net worth will be wiped out, creating ever more cascading failure throughout the economy. The end state will be a poorer USA, but one where debt revulsion is so strong, households will once again be Hedge financial units.

The Real Deal

A recent letter to SurvivalBlog.com shows that at least one person out there has his or her head screwed on mostly right. The conclusions, unfortunately as is typical on that site, run toward the 'get your guns' mentality. However, the honest and intelligent observations are worth quoting at length.

The economy has taken a dramatic turn for the worse for many Americans. Hundreds of pages could be written to describe how it happened and who did it. While many individuals and households have had the financial resources and good fortune which will allow them to weather economic uncertainty, many will simply not be able to maintain their standard of living. Many two income households are now one income households and that income may have decreased due to companies cutting back on work hours. This situation has been occurring for many Americans for many many months, forcing people to assess what is important and downgrade their lifestyle. The time to make hard decisions has arrived, and will dramatically alter the lives of many for years.

People who relied on spouses to pay the bills are now paying the bills. Those who have relied on savings and unemployment benefits to maintain their standard of living are now faced with the reality that those resources are exhausted. Bills are not being paid. Healthcare premiums are not being paid. Automobile and household maintenance is being neglected which will create costlier repairs down the road. Simply put:

• You might have to stop making your car payment and save those payments up to buy a used car. The car you currently have financed will be repossessed.
• You might have to stop paying your mortgage and save those payments up to move into an apartment.
• You might have to give up your healthcare, your magazine subscription, your club membership, your vacation plans, your charitable donations, your cell phone, your internet access or home phone service, your lawn care service, your financial support that you provide to friends and family who are having financial problems themselves, and many more expenditures not listed here.
• You might have to contact an attorney to discuss bankruptcy.
• You might have to sell off your possessions and assets.
• You might have to move in with other families, friends, relatives, or shelters provided by the government or charitable organizations.
• You may come to realize that what you thought was valuable and important to you has no value or significance at all.

Basic human needs will become the biggest priority in your life after you shed the things that have merely brought comfort and convenience to you. You may be forced to downscale your lifestyle so dramatically that it will cause you to question your own intelligence and hindsight for not planning for such a life changing event.

We have a few comments to make on these observations. First, in light of how little access to emergency funds American (among other) households have as mentioned in yesterday's post, deferring maintenance on houses and cars is a species of financial brinkmanship that will not only require "costlier repairs down the road," but quite possibly become the 'straw that breaks the camel's back' of the impaired household finances.

As for having a car, our addition would be that you may find yourself needing to set up a living situation that doesn't require you to own a car - either sharing a car with a relative or friend, or walking and/or using public transit.

As these strategies for downward mobility become increasingly utilised, they will cause GDP to decline. Not only will demand for goods and services shrink, but the informal market (yard sales, thrift stores, eBay, etc.) will become flooded with cheap, liquidated stuff. We expect this strategy to be employed eventually by a majority of the population as the Depression runs its course and cascading failure undermines the economic system.

We find it a sad commentary on the state of 'the Press' that such an honest report can only be found in a 'fringe blog' and beyond that, as a letter. The Ministry of Truth does seem to have a lockdown on the situation. Telling information can be found, however, if you look for it. According to a recent Gallup poll, November year-over-year consumer spending is down 20%. This is a knock-your-socks-off, the-economy-is-in-a-Depression-folks number if there ever was one. The report qualifies its information as "self-reported" but even so, it seems a heck of lot more reliable to us than the bogus recovery spiel coming out of the Ministry of Truth.

Pathetically, the Gallup commentary states: "On a national level, the spending new normal suggests slower economic growth than otherwise might be expected in the years ahead." Let's take a look at 'economic growth' in the USA at present.

According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the growth rate is 2.8% in the third quarter of 2009. Consumer spending allegedly increased 2.9%. In order for the approximately -25% gleaned from Gallup data and the official +2.9% to reconcile, households would have to wildly increase their spending for housing (hard to do in the face of lower rents, skipped mortgage payments, and household formation gone into reverse), professional services (bankruptcy lawyers, anyone?), and so forth. Frankly, we don't think such a reconciliation is possible, and we smell a R-A-T.

Households at the Edge

According to a recent survey, many people would find it impossible to raise just $2000 in 30 days from any source - savings, credit, family, friends, etc. - in a pinch. The table below is extracted from the article, which is well worth reading.




The results are shocking to say the least, especially for the USA - supposedly the "richest country in the world." $2000 is not a lot of money when one aspires to a middle-class lifestyle; it could represent the cost of car repair, a home repair, a minor medical problem, and so forth.
These sorts of things crop up continually.

Mexico is no great surprise, but the fact that the UK, Germany, and the USA (all supposed major economic powers) rate worse than Argentina - a country with serious issues in its struggle to remain prosperous and civilised - should be cause for concern. This survey, if accurate, indicates that not only are half of UK, German, and US households there essentially broke, but most of the other half is so frayed financially they are in no position to help out poorer friends and relations; or perhaps simply socially support networks have collapsed. In either case (and both could be true) the situation is terrible.

This is not the sort of economic information we would like to see near the beginning of this Depression - and yes, we are still early on in this thing. Faced with falling income and no standby resources to fall back on, it is clear that more and more supposedly 'middle class' households are going to sink into financial ruin merely from routine financial stresses.

Our advice to our readers is simple: make sure you are living well below your means; that your net worth is rising and not falling; that you have ample financial resources (savings, lines of credit, willing friends or family) to draw upon should the need arise. This is serious stuff - it may require you to drop many of the trappings of middle class life in order to prevent ruin.

There are ample horror stories out there about people who discovered 'middle class poverty' by not changing their spending habits in the face of income loss. Typically they expect "something is going to happen" to fix their deteriorating situation: a new job; selling the house; etc. But that "something" never happens.

More and more, what were for many once reasonable expectations - say, getting a full-time job - are going to be as likely as having a winning lottery ticket. In a nutshell, this is why getting through the Depression is going to be about survival. Don't delude yourself; ignore the blather on the telly; get real about what is happening.